The current month with everything usually asked in the same breath: its number in the year, how many days it has, which quarter it belongs to, how far through it we are, and a calendar grid with today marked. Read from your own device, so it is always your month.
Months are an awkward unit
A month is anything from 28 to 31 days, which makes month arithmetic genuinely ambiguous: thirty days from the 31st is not the same as one month from the 31st. Both conventions are defensible and contracts use both — see 30, 60 and 90 day date math.
Where the names came from
Nine of the twelve names are Roman: gods, festivals and two emperors. The last four still carry the numbers seven to ten from a calendar year that began in March, which is why September sits at position nine — the story is in why September is the ninth month.